Towards understanding marine biological impacts of climate change

Our oceans cover 71% of the Earth's surface yet our knowledge of marine climate change impacts is a mere drop in the ocean compared to terrestrial systems. Our oceans supply valuable ecosystem services and are vital in regulating the Earth's climate. For example, over half the world's oxygen is produced by marine phytoplankton and the oceans provide valuable protein as food, particularly for developing nations. In the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Fourth Assessment Report, 28,586 significant biological changes were reported in terrestrial systems, but only 85 (<0.3%) were from marine and freshwater systems. Our Working Group aims to provide the globally coherent view, which is so desperately needed, of marine biological changes in response to climate change . We have assembled a group of scientists specializing in the ecology of species from plankton to seabirds, across regions from the tropics to the poles, over multiple time scales (decadal to paleo), and in global meta-analyses to synthesize the marine biological impacts of climate change. We will build a database of marine climate impacts studies to analyse the observed changes in distributions and phenology of marine species. Preliminary evidence suggests marine biological systems may be more responsive to warming than terrestrial systems. We will compare marine rates of change with those from terrestrial systems and also compare rates of change between regions, systems and taxonomic groups. A critical issue we will address is the role of multiple human stressors, such as fishing pressure, in determining the vulnerability of species and habitats to climate change. For example, heavily exploited species have a smaller gene pool and might exhibit reduced resilience to environmental change. This will provide guidance on whether measures that reduce additional human stressors (e.g., fishing pressure) could provide a key adaptation strategy to reduce the threat of climate change in marine systems. Our final goal is to attribute change in marine ecosystems to climate change exploring a number of approaches such as joint-attribution and using paleo-data.